The family is most common in the tropics and grows worldwide, except for New Zealand, and only a few species are found in Australia. The accession numbers are shown in Table 1. Henry R.J., Henry R.J. Plant diversity and evolution: Genotypic and phenotypic variation in higher plants. Decumbent shrubs, to erect shrubs, to small trees. Indel were set as 2, 7, and 7. X-axis: position of the midpoint of a window, Y-axis: nucleotide diversity of each window (window length: 600 bp and step size: 200 bp).
Populus deltoides - North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox The split between Salicaceae s.l. Key Words: Trees/bushes with alternate leaves in moist soil. Givnish T.J., Spalink D., Ames M., Lyon S.P., Hunter S.J., Zuluaga A., Iles W.J.D., Clements M.A., Arroyo M.T.K., Leebens-Mack J. Orchid phylogenomics and multiple drivers of their extraordinary diversification. endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. are primarily distributed in cold, tropical, and warm temperate regions and occupy extremely varied habitats [2,3]. The best scoring ML tree was obtained with 1000 bootstrap replicates. Accessibility Members of the Salix genus support the following specilized bees:Andrena (Parandrena) andrenoides,Andrena (Thysandrena) bisalicis,Andrena (Tylandrena) erythrogaster,Andrena (Andrena) frigida,Andrena (Micrandrena) illinoiensis,Andrena (Andrena) macoupinensis,Andrena (Trachandrena) mariae,Andrena (Parandrena) nida,Andrena (Micrandrena) nigrae,Andrena (Micrandrena) salictaria,Andrena (Parandrena) wellesleyana. Our research will contribute to a better understanding of the phylogenetic relationships among the members of the Salicaceae s.l. Most of the five types of repeats were concentrated in the intergenic regions (Table S3). contributed materials and revised the manuscript. Salicaceae, or the willow family, contains 55 genera and more than 1,000 species of deciduous or evergreen shrubs and trees.
Biology Botany Exam 3 (final exam) Family characteristics 5.0 (1 review) Woody plants with alternative leaves and stipules. We analyzed the direct repeats, inverted repeats, reverse repeats, complementary repeats, and tandem repeats in 24 Salicaceae s.l. We compared 24 plastomes, 20 newly sequenced and four other species sequences were collected from the NCBI GenBank, all representing 18 genera of the family Salicaceae s.l. Salix L. is the largest genus in the family Salicaceae (450 species). Duplication of protein-coding genes outside of the IR is rare. Lin C.P., Wu C.S., Huang Y.Y., Chaw S.M. designed the research and revised the manuscript; M.-M.L., D.-Y.W., L.Z., and M.-H.K. Received 2019 Jun 26; Accepted 2019 Jul 31. Khan A., Khan I.A., Heinze B., Azim M.K. Thomas J. Elpel's Web World Pages
Genome-wide identification and characterization of and the outgroup was estimated as ~93 Mya, and the basal Casearia was estimated to diverge from other clades around 87 Mya. species. Furter, mVISTA (http://genome.lbl.gov/vista/mvista/submit.shtml) [77], a web-based program, was used to compare similarities and detect any rearrangements or inversions among different plastid genomes. The site is secure. In addition, some studies of angiosperm and Malpighiales also involve the phylogenetic relationships of several genera of Salicaceae s.l. Populus is a genus of 25-30 species of deciduous flowering plants in the family Salicaceae, native to most of the Northern Hemisphere. Hipkins V.D., Marshall KANeale D.B., Rottmann W.H., Strauss S.H. Evolution of the chloroplast genome. Taxonomic Signal and Noise in Multivariate Interpopulational Relationships in Populus mexicana (Salicaceae). have a conserved plastid genome. Dierckxsens N., Mardulyn P., Smits G. NOVOPlasty: De novo assembly of organelle genomes from whole genome data. Willows and poplars aredistributed widely in many regions. Hollowtop Lake. Many parallel losses of infA from chloroplast DNA during angiosperm evolution with multiple independent transfers to the nucleus. according to the calibrations of the species tree constructed on the basis of 63 protein-coding genes. Most of the SSRs are located in the non-coding region. The staminate (male) flowers have 2-10 stamens; pistillate (female) flowers havetwo fused pistils; neither have a calyx or corolla. Kaundun S.S., Matsumoto S. Heterologous nuclear and chloroplast microsatellite amplification and variation in tea, Camellia sinensis. Characteristics of plastid genomes of 26 species. Together they account for most of the family. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Lenka D., Jan K., Cestmr V., Vclav P. TrnL- trnF intergenic spacer and trnL intron define major clades within Luzula and Juncus (Juncaceae): Importance of structural mutations. De novo Assembly and Characterization of the Fruit Transcriptome of Idesia polycarpa Reveals Candidate Genes for Lipid Biosynthesis. The previously defined Salicaceae sensu stricto (s.s.) only included Salix and Populus [1], but later more than 50 genera were classified into the Salicaceae sensu lato (s.l.) The expanded family also includes Scyphostegia, a genus whose placement previously was controversial; it has 813 carpels, numerous basal ovules, and sessile stigmas.
Willow | Definition, Species, & Facts | Britannica Genetic studies summarized by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) have greatly expanded the circumscription of the family to contain 56 genera and about 1220 species, including the Scyphostegiaceae and many of the former Flacourtiaceae.[3][4][5]. Knox E.B. This plant supports Viceroy (Limenitis archippus) larvae which has two to three broods from May-September. Resolution of Brassicaceae Phylogeny Using Nuclear Genes Uncovers Nested Radiations and Supports Convergent Morphological Evolution. There may even be species that are unable to fix N 2. 1997 - 2021 Thomas J. Elpel. All the genes aligned by MAFFT and used RAxML v8.1.24 [80] to conduct maximum likelihood (ML) analyses with the GTR + I + G model. About Tom | Green University, LLC They saw in the flower the passion of Christ: the three stigmas represented the nails of the Crucifixion; the five anthers, the five wounds; the corona, the crown of thorns; and the five sepals and five petals together, the 10 apostles held by religious tradition to have been present at the Crucifixion. Populus fremontii. In addition, the physical map of the plastid genome was generated using OGDRAW v1.2 [73]. Note: Identifying the following 6 charactaristic for your specimen will help identify it to species or narrow it down to 2 or 3 choices. Seeds are surrounded by cotton-like hairs that facilitate wind and water dispersal. using 63 plastid genes from 26 species. The species in Salicaceae s.l.
USDA Plants Database The flowers are unisexual with male and female flowers appearing in catkins on separate plants (dioecious). J. Meeuse (1975) summarized evidence for a close relationship between these families, including wood anatomy, phytochemistry, host-parasite relationships (including rust fungi), and morphology. The Salicaceae is the willow family of flowering plants. Adenia (about 100 species), which is native to tropical Africa and Asia, makes up most of the remaining species in the family. Chew sticks, twigs of Casearia and other genera, are widely sold in small bundles in West African markets and used instead of toothbrushes. Note: Move cursor over image for note on what to look for. Complicatingidentification further is that many willow species freely and commonly hybridize, showing intermediate characteristics. Casearia (Casearia decandra Jacq and Casearia velutina) was the only genus from Samydoideae in this study and was identified as the basal clade. Zong D., Zhou A., Zhang Y., Zou X., Li D., Duan A., He C. Characterization of the complete chloroplast genomes of five Populus species from the western Sichuan plateau, southwest China: Comparative and phylogenetic analyses. (lat. - Willow family P: Genus: Salix L. - willow P: Species: Salix interior Rowlee - sandbar willow P: Salix interior Rowlee sandbar willow. Miller J.T., Seigler D. Evolutionary and taxonomic relationships of. Allen G.C., Flores-Vergara M.A., Krasynanski S., Kumar S., Thompson W.F. If you already know what group your plant is in, Black Willow can distinguished,sinceboth leaf surfaces areshiny green. Seeds are hairy Click the card to flip Salicaceae family (willow) Click the card to flip 1 / 89 Flashcards Learn Test Match Created by vicmeuret Seeds are surrounded by cotton-like hairs that facilitate wind and water dispersal. Family: Salicaceae willow family This family's genera in New England. FOIA P. edulis, the purple granadilla, is probably the most important cultivated species of Passiflora grown in the subtropics. In previous studies [23,24,25,26], their work mainly focused on the relationship of the main subclades in the genera of Salix and Populus, because the delimitation of species in these genera remains controversial. Salicaceae used to include only Salix and Populus, although it was clear that these genera shared properties with other genera (particularly members of Flacourtiaceae), such as similar anatomy, production of phenolic-type compounds (e.g., salicin), and even in the fungi that grew on them. There are varied chemicals produced by the family. look at this Help page for instructions.
Salicaceae (Willow Family) T.M. Mao-Lun W., Blazier J.C., Madhumita G., Jansen R.K. Reconstruction of the ancestral plastid genome in Geraniaceae reveals a correlation between genome rearrangements, repeats, and nucleotide substitution rates. Wicke S., Schneeweiss G.M., Depamphilis C.W., Kai F.M., Quandt D. The evolution of the plastid chromosome in land plants: Gene content, gene order, gene function. The divergence time between Salicaceae s.l. Alexandros S. RAxML version 8: A tool for phylogenetic analysis and post-analysis of large phylogenies. Salicaceae family. Structural evolution and flip-flop recombination of chloroplast DNA in the fern genus Osmunda. Librado P., Rozas J. DnaSP v5: A software for comprehensive analysis of DNA polymorphism data. The family Salicaceae s.l. Now observe the stipules (leafy growths) at the nodes of the stem. Bouchenak-Khelladi Y., Maurin O., Hurter J., van der Bank M. The evolutionary history and biogeography of Mimosoideae (Leguminosae): An emphasis on African acacias.
PDF The chromosome-scale assembly of the willow genome provides insight Characteristics Search Duration Search Fact Sheets/Plant Guides Group Search Growth Habit Search Image Search Invasive/Noxious Search Rarity Search State Search . They are also susceptible to gulls and rust. plastids (Figure S1). A total of 131 functional genes with the same order were annotated in each of the newly sequenced plastomes, of which 102 were unique genes, including 78 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNA genes, and four rRNA genes (Figure 1, Table 2). The IR copies recombine themselves in order to maintain or confer stability in the remaining plastome [17,18,21]. Species: This is what makes the white willow a definable single . The plastid genome is widely used in plant genetic population and phylogeny analysis because of its slow rate of nucleotide substitution in gene coding genes and relatively conservative gene structure and content, which can also increase phylogenetic resolution at the lower taxonomic levels [9,10,11,12,13,14]. = 217.50 bp). Primitive Living Skills | Outdoor Wilderness Living School, LLC You can usually find either willows, aspens, cottonwoods or poplars along any stream, lake or mountain meadow. Most, if not all, willow species are moisture-loving plants that will seek out underground pipes carrying water. This familys sexual systems are highly diverse. Medicinally, the Willow family is analgesic, anti-inflammatory, astringent and diuretic. Comparing chloroplast genomics not only provides insight into chloroplast evolution patterns [56], but also contributes to phylogenetic studies to understand the evolutionary relationships among taxa and apply them to species breeding and conservation [57]. The species in Salicaceae s.l.
Ryania angustifolia, of the Neotropics, is noted for having an extremely toxic and violent gastric poison in all parts of the plant, a poison that is used to kill alligators. Seedlings grow upright with alternate, lanceolate to linear leaves. Dioecious. If you already know what group your plant is in, start with this .
Frontiers | Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and Medicinal Uses of Plants (a) Frequency of selected motifs of simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and (b) number of each repeat type: tandem repeats, forward repeats, palindromic repeats, reverse repeats, and complement repeats. It would be hard to miss the Willow family.
Populus - Wikipedia Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Pony, Montana. The plastome size variation was previously reported to contribute to tandem [36,51] and dispersed repeats [41,52,53,54]. Unfortunately, the presence of tannic acid in the bark makes it difficult to ingest enough salicin to affect a common headache. (Table 1). This result was consistent with the observation that the trnH gene is usually located in the IR region in monocots but is found within the LSC region in dicots. Classic name for willow. The Saliceae with the most species is not monophyletic. Many Salicaceae s.l. Stein D.B., Palmer J.D., Thompson W.F. The plant family Salicaceae (order Malpighiales) includes well-known species such as poplar (Populus spp. An update of the angiosperm phylogeny group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV. Classic name for willow. Cai L., Xi Z., Amorim A.M., Sugumaran M., Rest J.S., Liang L., Davis C.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, sex (including pregnancy), disability, religion, sexual orientation, gender identity, and veteran status. in part by the National Science Foundation. For terrestrial plants with photosynthesis, the plastid genome is 120220 kb in size and has the typical feature of two inverted repeats (IRs), 2028 kb in size, separated by small single copies (SSC) and large single copies ( LSC) with sizes of 1627 kb and 8090 kb, respectively [17,18]. Economic and ecological importance of willows. Click on image to enlarge. The special spectrum of bacteria found in different host genotypes suggests considerable variability. There are two species of maua ( Xylosma spp.) = 470.12 bp) and the the IR regions (s.d. Please e-mail Thomas J. Elpel to report mistakes or to inquire about purchasing high resolution photos of these plants. It is Narrow-leaved Willow (S. exigua). The penta- and hex- nucleotides repeats were very rare across the plastid genomes. To reveal potential selective effects of long-term he Salix and Populus diverged around 34 Mya, consistent with the previously reported [26]. The present annotation and analysis of the WOX genes and the proteins they encode in the Salicaceae family lays a foundation for breeding and genetic engineering of these and other woody plants. Huang Y., Jun W., Yongping Y., Chuanzhu F., Jiahui C. Phylogenomic Analysis and Dynamic Evolution of Chloroplast Genomes in Salicaceae. In order to fully display the characteristics of the plastid genomes, we further collected four sequences of other species in the Salicaceae s.l. these characteristics make S. suchowensis an ideal model system for revealing the genetic mechanisms underlying the unique biological . Female flowers with 2 entire or divided stigmas. characteristics they have been grouped into the following six sections: Abaso, Turanga, Populus, Various species of Passiflora from the Neotropics produce passion fruit, especially the banana passion fruit (P. mollissima). Populus are differentiated from Salix by leaf shape, bract segments, and number of stamens on male plant (8-60 in Populus vs. 2-10 in Salix). The early medicine, aspirin, was first isolated from willow and poplar bark, and the willow species have been developed as bioenergy crops [7]. Complete chloroplast genome ofOncidiumGower Ramsey and evaluation of molecular markers for identification and breeding in Oncidiinae. Yeong Deuk J., Jongsun P., Jungeun K., Wonho S., Cheol-Goo H., Yong-Hwan L., Byoung-Cheorl K. Complete sequencing and comparative analyses of the pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) plastome revealed high frequency of tandem repeats and large insertion/deletions on pepper plastome. chloroplast genomes. and the 24 species formed a highly supported lineage. Willows and poplars are distributed widely in many regions of the world. In our results, seven tRNA genes and eight protein-coding genes were duplicated in the inverted-repeat region. Willows are a diverse group of about 300 species of woody angiosperm plants in the genus Salix, family Salicaceae. The Go Botany project is supported (Salicaceae): Delimitation, biogeography, and reticulate evolution. 8600 Rockville Pike The Salicaceae family contains the sister genera of Salix (willows) and Populus (poplars), which are diecious catkin-bearing woody plants.
PDF Uneven selection pressure accelerating divergence of Populus - Nature Ki-Joong K., Hae-Lim L. Widespread occurrence of small inversions in the chloroplast genomes of land plants. Botanically, the Willow family consists of bushes and trees with simple, alternate leaves. Willow. The IR regions of the Salicaceae s.l. A strong tea of the leaves might prove more effective, without the bad taste. However, phylogenetic analyses focusing on Salicaceae s.l. It is often substituted for true boxwood, Buxus sempervirens, a member of the order Buxales, in the making of veneers, carvings, and keyboards. Molecular Phylogeny of Salix L. (Salicaceae) Inferred from Three Chloroplast Datasets and Its Systematic Implications. List of genes present in the plastid genomes of twenty newly sequenced Salicaceae s.l. Help. Furthermore, we estimated divergence times from the plastome dataset using an approximate likelihood method.
Chloroplast genome characteristics and phylogeny of the Most of the repeats are distributed in the intergenic and intron regions, similar to those reported in other angiosperm lineages [55]. Inclusion in an NLM database does not imply endorsement of, or agreement with, Katoh K., Standley D.M. Tropical members of the family have a variety of rather unspecialized pollinators because the nectar is often not well protected.
The chromosome-scale assembly of the willow genome provides - Nature Willow Creek, Montana. A taxonomicaly difficult genus. The final concatenated dataset, which included 63 protein-coding genes (Table S4) and 51,780 nucleotides, after trimming poorly aligned regions, produced a highly supported topology based on the maximum likelihood (ML) strategy (Figure 5). Salicaceae The family Salicaceae includes cottonwoods (Populus) and willows (Salix), both indicators of the riparian woodland plant community. The leaves of Violaceae species are stipulate and toothed. Utah. From: Plant Systematics (Second Edition), 2010 About this page Diversity and Classification of Flowering Plants: Eudicots Michael G. Simpson, in Plant Systematics (Second Edition), 2010 Salicaceae He concluded that the Salicaceae could be combined with the Flacourtiaceae, "perhaps as a tribe." Populus is valuable in shelter belts, in coppicing, and as a source of wood for pulping and for matches. has been sequenced and stored in the GenBank. Most of repeats were located in the non-coding region. This name comes from early Roman Catholic missionaries who traveled to South America from Spain. The whole plastid genome of 61 species in Salicaceae s.l. Plants of the Willow Family It would be hard to miss the Willow family. See how the passionflower ensures cross-pollination, Ochnaceae, Medusagynaceae, and Quiinaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Peraceae, and Rafflesiaceae. A strip of the bark can be tied over a cut to serve as a band-aid and as an astringent-antiseptic. species. It matures as a capsule, usually with silky "cotton" to help transport the seeds by air. Then, we estimated divergence times of the plastome dataset, using an approximate likelihood method as implemented in MCMCtree (in PAML version 4) [81], with an independent relaxed clock and birthdeath sampling [82]. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Braatne J.H., Hinckly T.M., Stettler R.F. When in Doubt, Put It in Flacourtiaceae: A Molecular Phylogenetic Analysis Based on Plastid rbcL DNA Sequences. Possibly from old celtic or sanskrit words, 'sal'= near + 'lis'= water, refering to its prefered habitat. The white poplars above were photographed at The Morton Arboretum, on the west side near the river. Group T.A.P., Chase M.W., Christenhusz M.J.M., Fay M.F., Byng J.W., Judd W.S., Soltis D.E., Mabberley D.J., Sennikov A.N., Soltis P.S., et al. Generally, the plastids of angiosperms are considered to be highly conserved, have a typical tetragonal structure, usually contain about 110130 unique genes, and the genome size, GC composition, as well as gene and intron content are identical in most angiosperms [32,33,34,35].
Pathogenicity and Biological Characteristics of - Plant Disease The three remaining species all show a noticeable light colored (glaucous) leaf underside. The remaining species belonged to Salicoideae and were divided into two main clades. They exhibit high wood production and are commercially important in artificial plantations. Polymorphic simple sequence repeat regions in chloroplast genomes: Applications to the population genetics of pines. Bootstrap values (1000 replications) between different genera are shown at the nodes.
Salicaceae: Willow Family. Identify shrubs, trees, and flowers. Your help is appreciated. Botanically, the Willow family consists of bushes and trees with simple, alternate leaves. Marc L., Oliver D., Sabine K., Ralph B. OrganellarGenomeDRAW--a suite of tools for generating physical maps of plastid and mitochondrial genomes and visualizing expression data sets. Li R.J., Gao X., Li L.M., Liu X.L., Wang Z.Y., L S.Y. performed the experiments and analyzed the data; M.-M.L. Many of the species used help to prevent tooth decay.
PDF The chromosome-scale assembly of the willow genome provides - Nature All images and text In Salix and Populus the minute seeds have tufts of hair that aid in their dispersal. According to the Angiosperm Phylogeny Groups most recent phylogeny, APG IV [2,68], the phylogenetic tree is divided into Salicoideae and Samydoideae. Looking for life-changing resources? Zhang Y.J., Ma P.F., Li D.Z. Gurdon C., Maliga P. Two Distinct Plastid Genome Configurations and Unprecedented Intraspecies Length Variation in the accD Coding Region in Medicago truncatula. form a strategic partnership called N.C. The clade of Salicoideae is estimated to have originated around 61 Mya. Chumley T.W., Palmer J.D., Mower J.P., Fourcade H.M., Calie P.J., Boore J.L., Jansen R.K. Historical effects on beta diversity and community assembly in Amazonian trees. Willows are widely dispersed and occur on all continents except Antarctica, but they are most diverse in cooler regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Nucleotide composition with an overall GC content of 36.8% was nearly identical in all plastid genomes. Other factors involvinglower leaf hairs andleaf shape can confirm your willow identification. Passion-flower leaves are a preferred food of the beautiful heliconiid butterflies, and there is a very close ecological relationship between the two. Lauron-Moreau A., Pitre F.E., Argus G.W., Labrecque M., Brouillet L. Phylogenetic relationships of American willows (Salix L., Salicaceae). Wurdack K.J., Davis C.C. Most (74.36%) SSR loci were located in the intergenic regions, whereas, 9.07% were in intron and 16.57% were in the protein-coding regions. We further estimated divergence timescales of the major clades within the Salicaceae s.l. We obtained phylogenetic relationships of 18 genera in Salicaceae s.l.
Malpighiales - Salicaceae group | Britannica Tangphatsornruang S., Sangsrakru D., Chanprasert J., Uthaipaisanwong P., Yoocha T., Jomchai N., Tragoonrung S. The Chloroplast Genome Sequence of Mungbean (Vigna radiata) Determined by High-throughput Pyrosequencing: Structural Organization and Phylogenetic Relationships. Populus; Salix; Visit this family in the Dichotomous Key. Then, we annotated the assembled plastid genome in Plann v1.1 [72]. The positions of starts, stops, introns, and exons were manually adjusted using Sequin v15.50. The highly rearranged chloroplast genome of Trachelium caeruleum (Campanulaceae): Multiple inversions, inverted repeat expansion and contraction, transposition, insertions/deletions, and several repeat families. Members of the Willow family may also expel worms.
Family: Salicaceae - Reed College Liu L.X., Li R., Worth J.R.P., Li X., Li P., Cameron K.M., Fu C.X. Thomas F., Massenet O., Dorne A.M., Briat J.F., Mache R. Expression of the rpl23, rpl2 and rps19 genes in spinach chloroplasts. The minute seeds have long silky tails that help in wind dispersal. All are dioecious with male and female flowers appearing on different plants as elongate catkins, aggregates of pollen or seed-bearing flowers. Seedlings grow upright with alternate, lanceolate to linear leaves. These characteristics, together with their relatively small genomes and the rapidly growing research resources, have led to Salicaceae species emerging as the model system for different aspects of . wrote the paper; Z.-Q.L., R.-B.Z., X.-X.M., and Z.-X.X. We used this software (Populus euphratica as reference) to discover any significant interspecific and intergeneric variations among plastid genome sequences of Salicaceae s.l. The Salicaceae s.l. The X-axis represents the species and the Y-axis represents the number of repeats. The sepals are greatly reduced or absent, and there are no petals. Huang C.H., Sun R., Hu Y., Zeng L., Zhang N., Cai L., Zhang Q., Koch M.A., Al-Shehbaz I., Edger P.P. The filtered reads were assembled by NOVOPlasty v2.7.1 [70], and we used the complete plastid genome Itoa orientalis and Flacourtia indica ({"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NC_037411.1","term_id":"1381386397","term_text":"NC_037411.1"}}NC_037411.1 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NC_037410.1","term_id":"1381386300","term_text":"NC_037410.1"}}NC_037410.1) as the reference, and then used Geneious v11.1.5 [71] to correct the assemble.
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